During the Pahlavi era, as childhood became an issue of concern, social forces and the government gradually became sensitive to this matter and sought solutions for it. Among these efforts, the government had a specific agenda for children. The government's concern was to create and foster a desired identity in children for the future. The "Children's Book Council" and the "Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults" were two institutions related to children, specifically children's literature, during the Pahlavi period. The Children's Book Council was a civil and self-reliant institution, while the Institute was an institution originating from the government. The present article employs a descriptive-analytical method to compare these two institutions and conduct a comparative study of their approaches and programs regarding children's literature. The findings of this research indicate that Iranian society, in general from the early 1920s and specifically from the 1950s, had become sensitive to the establishment of civil institutions and activities aimed at children's literature, and had significant experiences in this regard. The Children's Book Council was the most important experience of society. However, the Pahlavi government, which was highly sensitive to controlling society and its social institutions, marginalized the Children's Book Council by establishing and fully supporting the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults.